The Second Vatican Council marked a pivotal moment in the life of the Catholic Church, not only for its aggiornamento, but also for its ressourcement — the return to the sources of Scripture and the early Church. One fruit of this theological retrieval was the restoration of the permanent diaconate as a distinct, stable rank of ordained ministry. As Lumen Gentium stated, “at a lower level of the hierarchy are deacons, upon whom hands are imposed ‘not unto the priesthood, but unto a ministry of service’ (non ad sacerdotium, sed ad ministerium)”.1 Particularly in the United States, the implementation of the restored permanent diaconate has reshaped parish life, the diakonia of charity, and the ecclesial visibility of ordained service.
The ministry of the diaconate finds its earliest roots in the New Testament, notably in Acts 6:1–6, where seven men were chosen and appointed through the laying on of hands to serve the community, especially in the distribution of food to widows. Among these were St. Stephen — the first martyr — and St. Philip, whose missionary zeal is recorded in Acts 8. The diaconate was not merely functional but symbolic, revealing the Church’s commitment to justice and charity in the name of Christ.
The patristic witness further confirms the diaconate as a vital order in the Church. St. Ignatius of Antioch, in his Letter to the Trallians, exhorts: “Likewise, all should respect the deacons as Jesus Christ” (ὁμοίως πάντας τοὺς διακόνους ὡς Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν).2 St. Polycarp also gives directives on the moral conduct of deacons, reinforcing their spiritual and pastoral responsibilities.3 St. Ephrem the Syrian, himself likely a deacon, reflected the integration of liturgical, catechetical, and charitable service that marked the office.
St. Thomas Aquinas, reflecting the scholastic understanding, defined the diaconate as one of the sacred orders, writing in the Summa Theologiae that “a deacon has the office of ministering in the sacraments, not of consecrating them” (diaconus habet officium ministrandi sacramenta, non autem ea conficiendi).4 He further observes that the diaconate exists “in order to serve the priesthood” (ordinatur ad sacerdotium).5
The permanent diaconate fell into disuse in the Latin Church for centuries, though it persisted in the Eastern Catholic and Orthodox traditions. Vatican II, influenced by requests from bishops in mission territories and by theologians reflecting on the needs of modern evangelization, restored the permanent diaconate. In Ad Gentes, the Council emphasized that the diaconate, “reestablished as a proper and permanent rank of the hierarchy,” would be especially beneficial in regions suffering from a shortage of clergy.6
The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) has provided structured guidance for the permanent diaconate, particularly through the National Directory for the Formation, Ministry, and Life of Permanent Deacons in the United States.7 This document affirms that the diaconate is “a distinct and permanent order of the hierarchy,” and emphasizes the four pillars of formation: human, spiritual, intellectual, and pastoral.
As of 2024, the United States is home to the largest number of permanent deacons in the world, with over 18,000 men serving in dioceses across the country. The Archdiocese of Chicago, the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, the Diocese of Brooklyn, and the Diocese of Rockville Centre are notable for their robust diaconal formation programs. However, not every diocese in the United States has implemented the permanent diaconate; for example, the Diocese of Lincoln, Nebraska, historically has not maintained a permanent diaconate program.
Globally, the number of permanent deacons continues to grow. According to the Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae, nations such as Germany, Brazil, and Italy also have significant diaconal presences, but none rival the U.S. in scale. The growing presence of deacons is a visible sign of the Church’s commitment to a ministry of service rooted in Christ’s kenosis.
Discernment of a vocation to the permanent diaconate involves both personal spiritual reflection and communal ecclesial recognition. According to the National Directory, a candidate must exhibit a life of prayer, a spirit of service, and a willingness to integrate ministry with family and professional responsibilities.8 The local Church plays a vital role in this discernment, particularly the bishop, who calls forth candidates after proper scrutiny.
For married candidates, the support of the wife and family is not only encouraged but required. The wife’s explicit consent is necessary before admission to the diaconate, underscoring that this vocation impacts the entire domestic church.9 The Directory emphasizes that “the sacrament of marriage and the sacrament of Holy Orders must be harmoniously integrated.”10 The Church calls wives to be partners in ministry, often involved in catechetical, liturgical, or charitable works.
Celibate permanent deacons, meanwhile, offer a sign of total availability to the Church, and if widowed, they are ordinarily expected to remain celibate, reflecting a commitment to the eschatological dimension of their vocation.11 Their celibacy becomes a prophetic witness within a married culture.
It is crucial to stress that the permanent diaconate is not a substitute for the priesthood. Deacons do not preside at the Eucharist, hear confessions, or anoint the sick. Their ministry is rooted in the Word, liturgy (especially Baptism and Marriage), and charity. As Ministeria Quaedam and subsequent documents have emphasized, each order within Holy Orders (episcopate, presbyterate, and diaconate) has its own theological identity and function. The deacon is not a “half-priest” but a full minister of service.
Recent magisterial developments have raised new questions about how the Church distinguishes between ordained and lay ministries. Pope Francis, in Antiquum Ministerium (2021), instituted the lay ministry of catechist. Unlike deacons, who are ordained into Holy Orders, catechists are installed through a liturgical rite but do not receive a sacramental character. The document states that catechists “are called in various ways to cooperate in the transmission of the faith,” but not to sacramentally represent Christ the Servant.12
This distinction safeguards the ontological difference between ordination and lay commissioning while recognizing the vital work of laypersons in evangelization. Where catechists primarily serve in the area of instruction and faith formation, deacons are sacramentally configured to Christ and exercise a broader ecclesial ministry.
The restoration of the permanent diaconate reflects a renewed appreciation for the multifaceted dimensions of ordained service. Rooted in Scripture, enriched by the Fathers, articulated by theologians such as Aquinas, and implemented wisely by Vatican II and subsequent episcopal conferences, the permanent diaconate is a sign of the Church’s fidelity to her Lord who came “not to be served, but to serve” (Mark 10:45).
- Second Vatican Council, Lumen Gentium, no. 29. ↩
- St. Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Trallians, 2.3. ↩
- St. Polycarp, Epistle to the Philippians, 5. ↩
- Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, Suppl., q. 37, a. 2. ↩
- Aquinas, Summa, Suppl., q. 37, a. 1. ↩
- Second Vatican Council, Ad Gentes, no. 16. ↩
- United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, National Directory for the Formation, Ministry, and Life of Permanent Deacons in the United States, 2005/2021. ↩
- Directory, §179. ↩
- Directory, §211. ↩
- Directory, §72. ↩
- Code of Canon Law, c. 1087; cf. Directory, §74. ↩
- Pope Francis, Antiquum Ministerium, 2021, no. 5. ↩
About Rev. John P. Cush, STD
Thank you Father Cush! I was a member of the Diocese of Brooklyn’s Diaconal Formation Class of 2007 and you were one of our instructors. Our class was the first after a five-year hiatus and consequently very large. I was impressed by Father Cush’s respect for Deacons and their development.
As the number of priests decrease, my hope is that future Popes may find that, in the future, Deacons, who generally come from the secular world of government, business, and medical service, could serve in more important positions traditionally held by our priestly brothers.
Very interesting and informative. We see and interact with Deacons so frequently, we tend to take them for granted as an “always was there” part of the ministry. I was not aware that we owe the Second Vatican Council for restoring and formalizing this vital service.
I just celebrated my 38th year as an ordained Deacon. It’s been a roller coaster journey with some pastors rejecting the deaconate and some welcoming us with open arms. One pastor only allowed me to empty the poor boxes. Another wouldn’t allow me to have a prayer group or to teach catechism. Another pastor wanted me to assist at Mass, but nothing else. Would I do it over again? Yes, because I love being a Deacon and only want to serve and glorify God with my life!
Hi Fr . From a Deacon of Newark Archdiocese, very informative, One other point that always intrigued me, as the Apostles went around they appointed leaders of the community in how to celebrate the msss, this how (I would imagine the priesthood was formed)
But what happened to the deacons at that time? Were they ever entrusted with responsibility in confecting the Eucharist. There is a tremendous void and when we’re deacons stopped.
The Lord puts us where He wants us. Different things at different times. We should keep the Lord wver in our sight and listen to Him. Everything else is vanity. Remember- it is the Lord’s ministry, not ours!
That is so well done, Father. I appreciate your insight and faithful ordering of the Diaconate within the structure of holy orders. I am coming up on the 10th anniversary in a couple weeks. May the Lord bless you and your ministry as you serve the Lord.
I have been a deacon for 30 years. I am 90 years old and am still serving at the same church, Holy Family in Luling, Louisiana. I did retire when I was 75, but a few years after that we got a new priest and he “encouraged” me to come out of retirement and I served with him for 6 years. It was like a heavenly experience working with him. He was recruited by our Archbishop to work in Notre Dame Seminary in New Orleans. He is a cherished friend.
Now, I continue to serve Holy Family with a new priest all of 37 years old. He is also a loving and kind person that I serve Mass with every day. God is good.
Deacon Coy Landry